By Juliana Taiwo-Obalonye
April marks autism awareness month globally, a time dedicated to understanding autism spectrum disorder (ASD), promoting early diagnosis and fostering inclusion. In Nigeria, where experts estimate autism affects approximately one in 88 children, awareness remains low, and stigma and systemic challenges persist. This detailed account draws extensively on expert insights and highlights the inspiring story of 15-year-old artist, Kanyeyachukwu Tagbo-Okeke, whose achievements exemplify the potential of autistic individuals when supported.
Autism is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication and repetitive behaviour. According to Dr. Mimi Osamwonyi, neurologist at Maitama District Hospital, Abuja, “autism is a neurobehavioral condition that includes impairments in social interaction, communication skills, combined with repeated or rigid behaviours. The combination of behaviours or symptoms has led to the name autism spectrum disorder. You find some people have one end of the spectrum, others have the other end, and so on.”
She added that, globally, “one in 10 children has this disorder,” though prevalence in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria is less certain due to limited data and diagnostic challenges.
Badewa Adejugbe-Williams, an autism care specialist, explains the causes as multifactorial. She said: “Current research is showing some plausible causes of autism, but there is no one sole cause. The causes of ASD usually involve a combination of biological factors like genetic predisposition and gene mutation and environmental toxins such as pesticides, pollutants and heavy metals.
“Some environmental factors can cause mutations in reproductive cells or act as endocrine disruptors affecting reproductive hormones. Babies born at least nine weeks prematurely face higher risks due to inflammation in their brains and nervous systems. Difficult deliveries can also cause brain injury.”
Expanding on genetics and environment, Dr. Haniyat Badamasuiy Salisu, clinical psychologist and founder of Saima Special Needs Care, stated: “Autism has a strong genetic basis. Several genes on chromosomes 2, 7, 15, and 16 are linked to increased risk. Conditions like Fragile X syndrome and Rett syndrome also elevate risk. Environmental factors such as advanced parental age, prenatal exposure to certain drugs like valproic acid, maternal infections during pregnancy, low birth weight, and exposure to air pollution or heavy metals contribute significantly.”
She also highlighted that “older fathers over 40 and mothers over 35 have higher risk due to increased likelihood of genetic mutations. Maternal health conditions like diabetes, obesity and autoimmune diseases increase risk as well.”
While autism cannot be entirely prevented, experts emphasize risk reduction through healthy prenatal and perinatal care. Dr. Salisu advised: “Regular antenatal checkups, managing chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension, avoiding alcohol, tobacco and recreational drugs, taking prenatal vitamins, especially folic acid, and reducing stress can help reduce risk. Vaccinations to prevent infections during pregnancy are also important.”
She firmly rejects vaccine myths, stating: “Multiple large-scale studies have shown no link between vaccines and autism. Vaccines are safe and vital.”
Adejugbe-Williams concurred, recommending “common sense advice to take care of health, avoid exposure to pollutants, processed food, drugs and alcohol.” She stressed that “early intervention is key, but it is never too late to start. Each child is different; what works for one may not work for another. Communication and social interaction skills require focused therapies like speech and language therapy and occupational therapy. Consistency and structure between home and school environments are vital.”
Dr. Salisu outlined evidence-based therapies: “Applied behaviour analysis (ABA) is effective for behaviour and skill-building. Speech therapy improves communication; occupational therapy addresses sensory and motor challenges. Social skills training through modeling and role play, cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety, and use of visual supports like schedules and pictures help create predictable routines. Individualized treatment plans based on thorough assessments are essential.”
She also highlighted technology’s role: “AAC devices assist nonverbal children. Social stories, video modelling, and narratives improve social skills and understanding.”
Kanyeyachukwu Tagbo-Okeke, diagnosed with autism in early childhood, embodies resilience and the impact of family support. His mother, Dr. Sylvia Tagbo-Okeke, recalled: “When we received the diagnosis, it was devastating. I remember calling my husband in tears, feeling our world had shifted. But we committed ourselves to supporting Kanye’s potential.”
Kanye’s dedication culminated in a Guinness World Record for the largest individual painting, Impossibility is a myth, a 12,303 square metre canvas completed over 12 weeks.
At the unveiling in Abuja’s Eagle Square on World Autism Awareness Day 2025, Minister Hannatu Musawa praised his achievement, saying: “This is not only Kanye’s success but Nigeria’s. He has shown the world what is possible when passion meets perseverance. His accomplishment is a beacon of inspiration for autistic children everywhere.”
United Nations (UN) representative, Cristian Munduate, added: “Kanye’s masterpiece breaks records and barriers. Disability inclusion is central to the Sustainable Development Goals, ensuring no one is left behind.”
Despite progress, stigma and lack of awareness remain major barriers. Mrs. Ronke Katagum, president of the National Society for Autism, Nigeria (NASAN), stated: “While progress is being made, much work remains to ensure widespread understanding and acceptance of autism across all levels of society.”
She attributed growing awareness to “the emergence of centres offering parents more choices in where to send their children upon receiving an autism diagnosis,” as well as “increased media coverage, documentaries and advocacy campaigns.”
Katagum drew attention to the urban-rural divide. She said: “In urban areas, advocacy groups, NGOs, and health professionals actively promote education and awareness about ASD. In contrast, rural areas often lack access to information and services.”
She highlighted that “cultural misconceptions link autism to spirituality and supernatural causes, hindering proper understanding.”
She also noted: “Currently, the prevalence of ASD in Nigeria cannot be accurately determined due to limited research and diagnostic resources. Studies in Nigeria have indicated a similar trend to global estimates, but under-diagnosis and cultural factors influence results.”
A 2019 study estimated about one in 125 children in some Nigerian communities may have ASD. Katagum identifies systemic challenges: “There is a scarcity of diagnostic facilities, with few specialized centres outside major cities. There is a shortage of psychologists, therapists, special educators and paediatricians trained in autism care. Therapies such as ABA, speech therapy and occupational therapy are expensive and often unaffordable for many families.”
She lamented: “Families face social isolation, ridicule and exclusion due to misconceptions. Without government support and policies, many families abandon their children to fate.”
Educational barriers persist as “most schools lack the necessary infrastructure and staff to accommodate children with autism, resulting in high dropout rates.”
Ajala Ibrahim, chairman of the Parents Therapist Association at Ike Foundation for Autism, stressed: “Awareness, early diagnosis and early intervention are vital. The government needs to invest in creating awareness and funding technology to help people with autism. Their talents must be discovered early.”
Dr. Mimi Osamwonyi, neurologist at Maitama District Hospital, Abuja, urged: “Creating inclusive educational environments where individuals with autism can learn and thrive alongside peers is essential. Building a supportive community that understands and embraces individuals with autism is vital for their well-being and inclusion.”
Minister of State for Youth Development, Ayodele Olawande, stated: “The autism spectrum is not a limitation but a different way of experiencing the world. Our strategic plan emphasizes inclusivity and collaboration to support, empower and protect young people.”
On World Autism Awareness Day 2025, Nigeria’s First Lady, Oluremi Tinubu, called for a more inclusive society and greater awareness of ASD. In a statement, she said: “Neurodiversity is a beautiful testament to human uniqueness. We all process information differently.” She highlighted the discrimination faced by autistic individuals in accessing education, healthcare, and employment, urging Nigerians to “embrace neurodiversity and work toward creating opportunities for all.”
Mrs. Tinubu tied her advocacy to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 4 (quality education) and SDG 8 (decent work), emphasising: “Being considerate of people living with autism is not just a moral responsibility but a vital pillar of sustainable development.” She concluded: “Let us work together to create a society where every individual has the opportunity to excel.”
Mabel Okereafor, clinical director at Nurture Child Development Clinic, advocated for strategic partnerships and corporate social responsibility initiatives to support teacher training and inclusive education across Nigeria. She stated: “Advancing neurodiversity and the SDGs on World Autism Awareness Day 2025 serves as not just a day of recognition but a powerful call to action.”
She stressed that “early identification, referrals, and access to timely support services, including therapies and educational resources, are essential to improving developmental outcomes and quality of life.”
Okereafor called for equipping community health centers and early childhood centers with resources and training to identify autism spectrum disorders.
Dr. Salisu emphasises the importance of inclusive workplaces: “Employers must adopt flexible work arrangements, clear communication, skills-based hiring, and mentorship to unlock the potential of autistic professionals.”
Mohie Francis Oko, founder and CEO of Unique Hands Therapy and Educational Consultancy (UHTEC) Ltd and vice president of the Association for Behaviour Analysts in Nigeria, underscored the significance of World Autism Awareness Day (WAAD) 2025 in promoting understanding, acceptance, and support for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). He stated: “As the world comes together to mark World Autism Day on April 2nd, we are reminded of the unique experiences and challenges faced by individuals and families living with autism spectrum or other ASD.” For Oko, WAAD is not only about raising awareness but also a “heartfelt call to action for understanding, acceptance and support.”
Tracing the origins of WAAD, Oko noted: “World Autism Day was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007 through resolutions, spearheaded by Moza bint Nasser Al-Missned, the UN Representative from Qatar, and has since garnered support from all member states.” The day aims to foster inclusivity and promote awareness about autism worldwide.
The 2025 theme, “Advancing Neurodiversity and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),” highlighted the importance of recognizing neurological differences as integral to human diversity. Oko explained: “This theme emphasises recognising and valuing neurotypical differences as integral to the human experience. It aligns with the SDGs which advocate for inclusivity, equity, and access to quality education and healthcare for all individuals, including those with autism.”
He reflects poetically on the value of embracing neurodiversity: “It takes every colour in the spectrum to make the world so bright. Each individual, regardless of our neurological makeup, contributes to the richness of our society. By embracing neurodiversity we can create a more vibrant and inclusive world.”
Oko shared heartfelt insights into the lived experiences of those with autism through poignant quotes: “‘I can be the sunshine even when all you see is rain’ speaks to the resilience and strength of individuals on the spectrum. ‘I can be silent inside. I am calling out your name’ reminds us that many may struggle to express themselves verbally but their inner world is rich and profound.” He stresses the importance of listening with another quote: ‘Words don’t come easy but I hear everything you say’. “Communication can be challenging for those with autism, but their ability to perceive and understand is often heightened,“ Oko added.
He also highlighted the need for empathy and connection in another quote: “‘Reach out and touch me, I need to feel your heart today.’ Simple gestures of kindness and understanding can make a world of difference.” Oko warned against underestimating autistic individuals with another quote: “‘Don’t say, I am in the dark because you can’t see my light.’ We must recognise their unique strengths even when they do not fit conventional modes.”
On the broader societal responsibility, Oko emphasised, “Building an inclusive community requires collective effort. It is a shared responsibility to create an environment where individuals with autism can thrive.” He cautioned that “awareness alone is not enough. We must continue to offer support, advocate for inclusive policies, provide access to quality education and healthcare, and foster an environment that celebrates neurodiversity.”
Oko called for action and patience: “I know what you want to do is hard. The desire to support and uplift individuals with autism is essential, but it takes a village, the will, work, and time.”
He concluded with a call for empathy and inclusion: “Let us take this opportunity to reach out, listen and learn from those with autism. Together, we can build a brighter future that embraces diversity and empowers all individuals to shine. As we celebrate World Autism Awareness Day, let us commit ourselves to understanding and fostering acceptance, ensuring that individuals with autism and their families feel seen, heard, and valued.”
Drawing from her personal journey raising Kanyeyachukwu, Dr. Sylvia Tagbo-Okeke offered profound guidance to parents:
Understand Autism Thoroughly: “Educate yourselves about autism to better understand your child’s unique needs and challenges.”
Embrace Your Child Fully and Lovingly: “Accept your child as they are, without shame or denial. Celebrate their individuality.”
Prepare and Involve Siblings: “Teach siblings to care for their autistic brother or sister with empathy and responsibility.”
Be Resilient and Maintain Faith: “Hold onto hope and faith. Autism may not be ‘cured,’ but extraordinary progress is possible.”
Focus on Continuous Development: “Invest in therapies and activities that help your child improve daily skills. Even small improvements are significant.”
Advocate for Inclusion and Awareness: “Raise awareness in your community to reduce stigma and promote inclusive environments.”
Prepare for the Long-Term Journey: “Plan for your child’s future independence to ensure their well-being.”
Never Lose Hope or Give Up: “Despite early bleak predictions, persistence and belief in your child’s potential can lead to extraordinary achievements.”
The collective voices of experts, advocates, and the inspiring story of Kanyeyachukwu Tagbo-Okeke demonstrate that autism is not a limitation but a different way of experiencing the world. Nigeria faces challenges in awareness, stigma, and systemic support, but with early intervention, tailored therapies, family dedication, inclusive policies, and government commitment, autistic individuals can break barriers and build futures.